Making choices with conditional statements¶
Notes:
cereal[cereal['mfr'] == 'K']
name mfr type calories protein fat sodium fiber carbo sugars potass vitamins shelf weight cups rating
2 All-Bran K Cold 70 4 1 260 9.0 7.0 5 320 25 3 1.00 0.33 59.425505
3 All-Bran with Extra Fiber K Cold 50 4 0 140 14.0 8.0 0 330 25 3 1.00 0.50 93.704912
6 Apple Jacks K Cold 110 2 0 125 1.0 11.0 14 30 25 2 1.00 1.00 33.174094
16 Corn Flakes K Cold 100 2 0 290 1.0 21.0 2 35 25 1 1.00 1.00 45.863324
17 Corn Pops K Cold 110 1 0 90 1.0 13.0 12 20 25 2 1.00 1.00 35.782791
.. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
58 Raisin Bran K Cold 120 3 1 210 5.0 14.0 12 240 25 2 1.33 0.75 39.259197
60 Raisin Squares K Cold 90 2 0 0 2.0 15.0 6 110 25 3 1.00 0.50 55.333142
62 Rice Krispies K Cold 110 2 0 290 0.0 22.0 3 35 25 1 1.00 1.00 40.560159
66 Smacks K Cold 110 2 1 70 1.0 9.0 15 40 25 2 1.00 0.75 31.230054
67 Special K K Cold 110 6 0 230 1.0 16.0 3 55 25 1 1.00 1.00 53.131324
[23 rows x 16 columns]
Notes:
In the last Module, we explored the different data types and structures that Python offers.
It’s at this point in the course where we learn how to ask Python to make a decision, depending on conditions.
We did something similar when we filtered a dataframe using conditions like finding all the rows with a specific column value.
my_name = 'Hayley'
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley':
print('My name is Hayley too!')
elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro':
print('Interesting, I loved that movie!')
else:
print("That's a great name.")
print('Nice to meet you!')
My name is Hayley too!
Nice to meet you!
Notes:
Let’s start with an example of what the syntax looks like.
Perhaps we want to introduce ourselves in our code by using the object
called my_name.
We’ve assigned 'Hayley' to the object my_name in this example.
We use a verb called print() that simply prints the object or string
set as an argument.
We can see that since the object my_name is equal to Hayley, the
output is My name is Hayley too, followed by the regular
non-conditional code Nice to meet you!.
Notes:
Python looks at the first condition if my_name.lower() == 'Hayley' and
since it evaluates to True, it prints the code under the statement,
which is 'My name is Hayley too!'
Python passes the other print() statements from the elif and else
conditions and continues to run the regular code 'Nice to meet you!.
my_name = 'Totoro'
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley':
print('My name is Hayley too!')
elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro':
print('Interesting, I loved that movie!')
else:
print("That's a great name.")
print('Nice to meet you!')
Interesting, I loved that movie!
Nice to meet you!
Notes:
Now what happens if the object is equal to something else?
This time, the object my_name has a value now of Totoro.
We see the output is Interesting, I loved that movie! Nice to meet you!
What is happening here?
Notes:
Python ignores the code under the first condition if my_name.lower() == 'hayley' since it evaluates to False.
Instead, Python continues to the next condition elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro'which is True. It then executes the code under it, which
prints 'Interesting, I loved that movie!'.
Python then skips over the next lines of code and goes straight to
printing 'Nice to meet you!'.
my_name = 'Desmond'
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley':
print('My name is Hayley too!')
elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro':
print('Interesting, I loved that movie!')
else:
print("That's a great name.")
print('Nice to meet you!')
That's a great name.
Nice to meet you!
Notes:
Now we try something that meets neither the first or second conditions.
When my_name is equal to Desmond, the first 2 conditions both
evaluate to False, and the last condition executes and prints That's a great name..
It executes the regular code print('Nice to meet you!') just like
before.
Notes:
Here we see that neither the first or second conditions are met, so the
else condition is executed before printing the regular non-conditioned
code.
Syntax¶
my_name = 'Hayley'
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley':
print('My name is Hayley too!')
elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro':
print('Interesting, I loved that movie!')
else:
print("That's a great name.")
print('Nice to meet you!')
My name is Hayley too!
Nice to meet you!
Notes:
Python conditional statements contains 2 important things:
A strict structure.
The keyword
ifand optional keywordselseandelif.
Structure¶
my_name = 'Hayley'
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley':
print('My name is Hayley too!')
My name is Hayley too!
The structure of a choice is as follows:
if SOME_BOOLEAN:
statement body
Notes:
The structure of a choice is as follows:
if SOME_BOOLEAN:
statement body
Each conditional expression must end with a colon : and code to be
executed if the condition is met must all must be indented with 4 spaces
(or consistent indentation) in the statement body.
In the example above:
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley' is the Boolean statement and
print("My name is Hayley too!") is the statement body.
Keywords - if, else¶
my_name = 'Mia'
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley':
print('My name is Hayley too!')
elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro':
print('Interesting, I loved that movie!')
else:
print("That's a great name.")
print('Nice to meet you!')
That's a great name.
Nice to meet you!
Notes:
An if keyword is needed for any conditional.
If the Boolean value is True, the body of the statement (which is
anything indented under it) will be executed.
If the expression is False, the body of the statement is not executed,
and it continues to the next line of non-indented code outside the body.
The else expression will execute if the conditional expressions above
it are False.
The keyword else can only occur once following an if condition and
are optional to the code.
Keywords - elif¶
my_name = 'Totoro'
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley':
print('My name is Hayley too!')
elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro':
print('Interesting, I loved that movie!')
else:
print("That's a great name.")
print('Nice to meet you!')
Interesting, I loved that movie!
Nice to meet you!
Notes:
elif stands for else if. It allows us to check if different
conditions evaluate to True.
When the elif expression evaluates to True, then the body of the
statement is executed, just like an if statement.
In the case we saw before when my_name = 'Totoro', the elif
condition my_name.lower() == 'totoro' evaluates to True.
if my_name.lower() == 'hayley':
print('My name is Hayley too!')
elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro':
print('Interesting, I loved that movie!')
elif my_name.lower() == 'Desmond':
print("That's a great name.")
print('Nice to meet you!')
my_name = 'Hayley'
elif my_name.lower() == 'totoro':
print("Interesting, I loved that movie!")
Error: invalid syntax (<string>, line 2)
Notes:
Unlike else statements, elif statements can be used multiple times
in a decision process.
But elif statements MUST always follow an if statement or an
error will occur like we see here.
Order matters¶
item = 13
if item > 10:
magnitude = 'Between 10 and 20'
elif item > 20:
magnitude = 'Greater than 20'
else:
magnitude = '10 or less'
magnitude
'Between 10 and 20'
Notes:
The order we chose for the statement for the if and elif statements
is important and can result in different outputs.
Let’s explore this in the next example using inequalities with numbers.
In this case, our item object, which equals 13 here, is greater than
10, so our first condition holds true, and so magnitude is assigned a
value of 'Between 10 and 20'
item = 25
if item > 10:
magnitude = 'Between 10 and 20'
elif item > 20:
magnitude = 'Greater than 20'
else:
magnitude = '10 or less'
magnitude
'Between 10 and 20'
Notes:
Let’s see what happens with an item value equal to 25.
magnitude is still assigned a value of 'Between 10 and 20', but our
item is greater than 20!
Notes:
item is taken out of the stream at first if condition, so it doesn’t
get a chance to see the elif statement even though it would result in
a True value.
item = 25
if item > 20:
magnitude = 'Greater than 20'
elif item > 10:
magnitude = 'Between 10 and 20'
else:
magnitude = '10 or less'
magnitude
'Greater than 20'
Notes:
This can be fixed by rearranging the conditional statements.
Instead, we put item > 20 as the first condition followed by the
condition item > 10.
Now a value of 25 gives the desired output of greater than 20.
Notes:
Here we can see that the first condition is True and executes the code
in the statement body - This statement body assigns the object
magnitude a value of 'Greater than 20'.
Python then passes the other conditions and executes magnitude.
item = 13
if item > 20:
magnitude = 'Greater than 20'
elif item > 10:
magnitude = 'Between 10 and 20'
else:
magnitude = '10 or less'
magnitude
'Between 10 and 20'
Notes:
But what about if item was equal to 13?
In this case, magnitude results in a value of 'Between 10 and 20',
which is what we expect.
Notes:
Since 13 doesn’t meet the first condition item > 20, Python passes it
and moves onto the second condition item > 10, which assigns
magnitude the value Between 10 and 20.
It skips the else statement since one of the statements above was
already evaluated to True.
Inline¶
item = 13
if item > 10:
magnitude = 'Greater than 10'
else:
magnitude = '10 or less'
magnitude
'Greater than 10'
magnitude = "Greater than 10" if item > 10 else "10 or less"
magnitude
'Greater than 10'
Notes:
In situations where we have only if and else statements, we have the
ability to put it all in a single line of code.
Let’s test this on our object item.
The original conditional statements below checks if the item is greater
than 10 and assigns a value of greater than 10 if it’s True and a
value of 10 or less otherwise.
The 4 lines used for the conditional statements can be compressed into a single one.
Both syntaxes are acceptable, depending on your preference.
This type of syntax is only possible for decisions that involve only
if and else conditions.
Python Keyword “in”¶
exercises = ['burpees', 'lunges', 'squats', 'curls', 'deadlifts']
'squats' in exercises
True
if 'squats' in exercises:
sore = "Extreme"
else:
sore = "Not sore"
sore
'Extreme'
Notes:
We’ve already seen that conditions evaluate to a Boolean.
So far, we’ve seen a lot of Boolean evaluated from equalities and inequalities, but that’s not all.
There are many different keywords we can use to obtain a Boolean value,
but one that you may use often is the keyword in.
We can use the keyword in to check if a certain value is contained in
a list or dictionary.
We can pair this with a conditional statement like we did before to have Python makes decisions.
In this example, we are checking if squats is contained in our list
exercises.
We can see that squats exists at position 2 in the list, and therefore
the object sore is assigned a value of Extreme.